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George Starkey
George Starkey (1628-1665), born to George Stirk the elder in Bermuda, was a Colonial American alchemist, medical practitioner, and writer of numerous commentaries and chemical treatises that were widely circulated in Europe and influenced prominent men of science, including Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. After relocating from New England to London, England in 1650, Starkey began writing under the pseudonym Eirenaeus Philalethes.〔Newman, William R., and Lawrence M. Principe. Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chemistry. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002. Print.〕 Starkey remained in England and continued his career in medicine and alchemy until his death in the Great Plague of London in 1665.
==Early life==
Starkey was born in Bermuda, the first of at least five children of George Stirk, a Scottish minister and devoted Calvinist, and Elizabeth Painter. During his early years in Bermuda, Starkey displayed interest in natural history, as evidenced by his written entomological observations of various insects indigenous to Bermuda.〔William R. Newman, "Starkey, George (1628—1665)," in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', ed. H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, May 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26315 (accessed 1 March 2011).〕 After the death of his father in 1637, Starkey was sent to New England, where he continued his early education before enrolling at Harvard College in 1643. Introduced to alchemical theory, he would later stylise himself as the "Philosopher by Fire."〔Mendelsohn, May 1992, p. 50.〕 After graduating from Harvard Starkey resided in the Boston area and earned a living practising medicine while at the same time experimenting in chemical technology.
Despite his successful medical practice, Starkey emigrated to London, England in November 1650 with his wife, Susanna Stoughton, whom he had married earlier that year. Susanna is believed to be the eldest daughter of Colonel Israel Stoughton, and sister of William Stoughton, a future governor of Massachusetts.〔 It is not entirely known why Starkey decided to leave New England. One clue points to his interest in alchemy and chemical technology. It is known that Starkey was acquiring great skill at building ovens to facilitate alchemical experiments. However, he complained that the region offered unsuitable material needed for their operation, and therefore believed that relocating to England could provide access to better material and higher quality laboratory implements as well.〔White and Woodward, November 2007, p. 292.〕 Around this same time he changed his surname to Starkey for reasons that are unknown.
Once in England, Starkey's reputation as an alchemist and chymical furnace maker grew among the scientific community and he soon acquired a network of colleagues from the circle of friends and correspondents of Samuel Hartlib – a group of social reformers, utopians, and natural philosophers.〔Newman and Principe, 2002, p. 8.〕 Within a few years, however, Starkey found himself in financial trouble and was consequently incarcerated because of debt—possibly twice sometime in late 1653 and again in mid-1654. Imprisoned for a brief period of time, Starkey returned to the practice of alchemy and medicine upon his release in late 1654. Additionally, he wrote and published a number of popular treatises. Yet, his most important work was written under several pseudonyms during the period prior to imprisonment when he was associated with the Hartlib circle. The most famous of these works, the ''Introitus apertus ad occlusum regis palatium'', was published in 1667 after his death.〔
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